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synonyms: posterior GH instability, posterior shoulder dislocation, posterior laxity, posterior glenoid labral tear, posterior labral tear, posterior labrum tear
Posterior Glenohumeral Instability ICD-10
Posterior Glenohumeral Instability ICD-9
- 718.31 Recurrent shoulder dislocation
- 831.02 Closed posterior dislocation of the shoulder
Posterior Glenohumeral Instability Etiology / Epidemiology / Natural History
- Occurs in <5% of shoulder instability patients.
- Usually men 20-30y/o active in competitive overhead or contact sports.
- 50% report discrete injury that initiated symptoms
- Associated with locked, straight-arm pass-blocking techniques in football, bench pressing, and overhead sports such as baseball, tennis, swimming, golf.
- Seizures, electric shock, chronic alchohol abuse
- Prevalence of 1.1 per 100,000 per year.
- Most commonly result from trauma, second most common cause is seizure activity.
- May result from a posterior capsulolabral avulsion or stretching of the posteroinferior capsulolabrum. Most consistent finding is redundant posterior capsule.
- May have preceeding traumatic dislocation, repetitive microtrauma with overhead acitivity, or generalzed ligamentous laxity.
- Acute posterior dislocations occur with force applied to arm in a flexed, adducted and IR position.
Posterior Glenohumeral Instability Anatomy
- May involve: posteroinferior capsulolabral tear(reverse Bankart) including posterior band of inferior GH ligament; patulous posteroinferior capsule; reverse humeral avulsion of GH ligaments(RHAGL lesion); posterior labrocapsular periosteal sleeve avulsion (POLPSA lesion); osseous avulsion of posteror aspect of glenoid rim; posterior capsule or RTC tear.
- Subscapularisis the primary restraint to posterior translation.
- Posterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex is the primarly restraint to posterior translation with the arm in abduction.
- Superior glenohumeral ligament and coracohumeral ligament are the primary restraints to posterior translation with the arm flexed, adducted and internally rotated.
- Bone: glenoid retroversion, posterior glenoid erosion, engaging anterior humeral head defect, posteriorinferior glenoid hypoplasia, humeral head retrotorsion
- Kim lesion = incomplete and concealed avulsion of the posteroinferior aspect of the labrum. (Kim SH, Arthroscopy 2004;20:712).
- See also Shoulder Anatomy.
Posterior Glenohumeral Instability Clinical Evaluation
- Slips out with forward elevation/IR such as removing book from overhead shelf, blocking for football linemen.
- Generally presents with pain rather than instability sensation.
- Pain with arm in flexion, internal rotation and adduction.
- Aching over posterior shoulder with sense of shoulder instability
- May have no symptoms of instability, but have poorly localized posterior shoulder ache when arm is placed in provocative position; reaching across the body with arm in internal rotation; doing bench press or push-ups.
- Baseball players may complain of fatigue, loss of pitch velocity, pain with cocking or with follow-through.
- Acute posterior dislocation presents with arm in adduction and internal rotation with an inability to externally rotate.
- Provacative Position: Instability with flexion, adduction and IR. As arm is moved into abduction from this position, the shoulder may visibly and audibly relocate.
- Circumduction Test: patient actively rotates the shoulder from an internally rotated and cross-body adducted position fully elevated and then to an abducted, externally rotated position and then back. Positive result is felling the joint subluxate in the interally rotated, cross-body adducted position.
- Posterior Apprehension Test: apply a posterior force to the humeral head with the arm in a forward flexed and internaly rotated position.
- Jahnke Test: posteriorly directed force is applied to the forward flexed shoulder which is then into the coronal plane as an anteriorly directed force is applied to the humeral head. Positive result is a clunk / subluxation felt as the joint reduces from the subluxated position.
- Jerk Test:
- Kim Test:
- Load and Shift:
- Sulcus Sign: distraction force is applied to the arm with the patient seated with arm at the side. The magnitude of displaced and any apprehension sensations are compared to the contralateral limb. Any abnormalities indicate inferior instability.
- Evaluate for anterior instability with Apprehension and Relocation tests.
- Posterior instability typically subluxates with shoulder flexed to 80-90°, whereas bidirectional instability typically is worst at 110-120° of flexion.
- Evaluate generalized joint laxity
- Evaluate axillary nerve function
- Assessments of generalized ligamentous laxity: ability to touch ipsilateral forearm with the thumb, place palms of hands on floor with knees locked, elbow/knee/MCP hyperextension.
- Assess for history of Ehlers-Danlos or Marfan Syndrome.
Posterior Glenohumeral Instability Xray / Diagnositc Tests
- A/P and Lateral view in the plane of the scapula, and axillary view. Look for anterior impression defects in humeral head, or posterior lesions on glenoid.
- CT scan is best to evaluate bony anatomy. Evaluate for reverse Hill-Sachs or bony reverese Bankart lesion.
- MRI is best to evaluate for capsulolabral lesions and associated pathlogy. 86% demontrate reverse Hills-Sachs lesions; 60% posterocaudal labrocapsular lesions; 20% full-thickness RTC tear (Saupe N, Radiology, 2008;248:185).
Posterior Glenohumeral Instability Classification / Treatment
Posterior Glenohumeral Instability Associated Injuries / Differential Diagnosis
- Concomitant injuries: capsulolabral tears, fractures, and rotator cuff tears.
- Anterior Glenohumeral Instability
- Multidirectional Instablity
- Internal Impingement
- RTC Tear
- Posterior Capular contracture
- SLAP Lesion
- Subacromial Impingement
- Suprascapular nerve entrapment(Cummins CA JBJS-AM 2000;82:415-424)
- Quadrilateral space syndrome(Cahill BR J Hand Surg-AM 1983;8:65-69)
- Posterior glenoid spur (Bennett lesion) (Ferrari JD AM J Sports Med 1994;22:171-6)
- Early osteoarthritis
- Tumor
Posterior Glenohumeral Instability Complications
- Recurrent instability
- Inability to return to competition in high-level athletes.
- Pain
- Hardware failure / Anchor pull-out
- Infection
- Stiffness (most common complication after labral repair)
- CRPS
- Nerve injury: Axillary nerve, Brachial plexus
- Fluid Extravasation:
- Chondrolysis: though to be related to heat from electo cautery or radiofrequency probes used during capsular release or capsular shrinkage.
- Hematoma
- Chondral Injury / arthritis
- Weakness
Posterior Glenohumeral Instability Follow-up Care
- Post-op: Place in shoulder immobilizer in slight abduction, slight extension and slight external rotation. Avoid flexion and internal rotation to protect repair. Perform elbow, wrist, hand ROM/strengthening,
- 7-10 Days: Wound check, continue immobilization,
- 6 Weeks: Discontinue immobilizer; begin cross-body adduction and light progressive resistive exercises / PT.
- 3 Months: Begin sport specific training.
- 4 Months: May return to non-contact sports.
- 6 Months: May return to contact/collision sports.
- Open Posteroinferior Capsular shift outcomes: 50% excellent; 32% good; 2% fair; 18% poor. 12% recurrent instability (Bibliani LU, JBJS 1995;77A:1011). 19% recurrence, 84% patient satisfaction. Significantly poorer satisfaction/outcomes in shoulders with chondral defects at the time of stabilization and in patients aged <37 years at the time of surgery. No progressive radiographic signs of glenohumeral arthritis were seen up to 22 years after surgery. (Wolf BR, JSES 2005;14:157).
- Arthroscopic Posterior Repair outcomes: 89% return to sport (67% at same level) with arthroscopic repair (Bradley JP, AJSM 2006;34:1061).
- Shoulder Outcome measures
Posterior Glenohumeral Instability Review References
- Burkhart SS, A Cowboy's Guide to Advanced Shoulder Arthroscopy, 2006
- Millet PJ, JAAOS 2006;14:464
- Lee SB, An KN. Dynamic glenohumeral stability provided by three heads of the deltoid muscle. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002 Jul;(400):40-7.
- Kido T, Itoi E, Lee SB, Neale PG, An KN. Dynamic stabilizing function of the deltoid muscle in shoulders with anterior instability. Am J Sports Med. 2003 May-Jun;31(3):399-403.
- Hawkins RJ, Schutte JP, Janda DH, Huckell GH. Translation of the glenohumeral joint with the patient under anesthesia. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1996 Jul-Aug;5(4):286-92.
- Millett PJ, Clavert P, Hatch GF 3rd, Warner JJ. Recurrent posterior shoulder instability. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2006 Aug;14(8):464-76.
- Robinson CM, JBJS 2005;87A:883
- Krackhardt T, Schewe B, Albrecht D, Weise K. Arthroscopic fixation of the subscapularis tendon in the reverse Hill-Sachs lesion for traumatic unidirectional posterior dislocation of the shoulder. Arthroscopy. 2006 Feb;22(2):227.e1-227.e6.
- Robinson CM, Seah M, Akhtar MA. The epidemiology, risk of recurrence, and functional outcome after an acute traumatic posterior dislocation of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011 Sep 7;93(17):1605-13.
- Rouleau DM, Hebert-Davies J. Incidence of associated injury in posterior shoulder dislocation: systematic review of the literature. J Orthop Trauma. 2012 Apr;26(4):246-51.
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